Wood finishes play a crucial role in protecting and enhancing the appearance of timber. Choosing the right type of finish can often be confusing and quite overwhelming. In this article, we’ll explore the types of finishes, highlighting their advantages and uses, and offer tailored recommendations to help you choose the best finish. By the end, you’ll better understand the types of wood finishes and their applications.
Note: There are numerous wood finishes available from various manufacturers, which may have unique characteristics. This is a general guide to standard wood finishes, and conducting your own research is always recommended.
Wood Stain
Wood stains are among the most common wood finishes, offering a variety of colours and options. They work by soaking into the wood fibres, saturating the grain and enhancing its colour. Stains can protect against UV rays and fading and are available in water-based and oil-based options. Water-based stains are eco-friendly with fewer pollutants, while oil-based stains penetrate deeper and offer an easier-to-achieve finish.
Wood stains do not form a protective layer, meaning they typically require a topcoat for substantial protection. This makes them less durable against wear and tear. Additionally, wood stains are almost permanent, as removing them is often extremely difficult or impossible. For unsealed surfaces, reapplication is necessary every few years to maintain their appearance.
Wood stains are best for applications where aesthetics are the primary concern, such as furniture and cabinets. Their ability to saturate and highlight the grain makes them a preferred choice for decorative purposes.
Wood Oil
Wood oils are another popular wood finish that enhances the grain and colour of the wood, though they typically come in fewer colour options. They reduce cracking and splitting by allowing the timber to breathe, and small damages can be repaired by reapplying the oil, eliminating the need to remove the entire finish.
Since wood oils penetrate the timber rather than forming a protective layer, they provide less protection against damage such as scratches. They also require regular maintenance to uphold the finish. Additionally, wood oils can degrade under high temperatures and, in some cases, become flammable, so avoiding extreme heat sources is crucial.
Wood oils are ideal for a variety of applications, including indoor furniture, countertops, decking, and even cutting boards. The four most common types of wood oils include:
Linseed Oil |
Teak Oil |
Tung Oil |
Danish Oil |
|---|---|---|---|
|
A traditional, natural oil from flaxseed. Available raw or boiled (added drying agents). |
A blend of oils and additives, for dense hardwoods e.g. teak, and mahogany. |
A natural oil from pressed tree seeds. Dries into a hard, durable finish. |
A blend of oil, varnish and sometimes stain, offering a balanced finish. |
Varnish
Varnish combines resin, drying oil, and solvents that form a transparent or translucent protective film on the wood’s surface. This layer is water-resistant and highly durable against UV rays, scratches, stains, and general wear. Like stains and oils, varnish enhances the natural grain and colour of the timber. It is also available in various sheens (glossy, satin, matte) to match different styles, making it a versatile option.
Applying varnish requires careful attention, as it often involves multiple coats with sanding between layers to achieve the desired finish. Each coat can take hours to dry, with the entire finish needing days to cure fully. Although highly durable, the sealed surface is prone to chipping if struck with heavy objects. Additionally, varnish can trap moisture inside the wood, potentially causing damage over time. Repairs are challenging, often requiring the entire finish to be reapplied rather than spot fixes.
Varnish is an excellent choice for indoor furniture that experiences wear and tear, flooring, outdoor furniture, and decking. It is also commonly used in musical instruments, such as guitars and violins, to preserve their appearance while offering protection.
Wax
Wax is a traditional wood finish made from natural or synthetic materials, often blended with oils or solvents. Applied as a liquid or paste and then buffed, it creates a smooth, low-sheen finish that enhances the wood grain. One of wax’s standout qualities is its ease of application and reapplication, making it simple to repair scratches or small damages. Many waxes, such as beeswax, are made from natural ingredients, making them a safe option for indoor use, including on cutting boards and toys. Wax can also be applied over other finishes to provide added protection.
However, wax offers limited protection against heat, water, and scratches compared to other finishes and lacks the durability needed for high-traffic or heavily used surfaces. Additionally, over-application can result in a sticky or uneven finish, which may require removal and reapplication.
Despite its drawbacks, wax remains an excellent choice for furniture, decorative items like picture frames, low-traffic flooring, and as a topcoat over other finishes.
Finding the Right Balance
Selecting the right wood finish is essential to achieving the perfect balance of protection, durability, and aesthetic appeal. Whether you prioritise enhancing the natural grain, safeguarding against wear and tear, or creating a smooth, elegant finish, each type of wood finish offers unique benefits and applications. By understanding their strengths and limitations, you can make an informed choice ensuring your timber remains both beautiful and long-lasting.
We offer a wide selection of products to help you achieve the best wood finish for you. You can explore these on our Timber Treatment & Repair page. If you need assistance in selecting the right product, feel free to contact us, and we will be happy to help.